Draft #1b Technical Report: Increasing Awareness of Cultured Meat as a Sustainable Food Alternative for Singapore
1. Introduction
1.1. Background information
Food
sustainability is more than just the food itself; it takes into account several
factors that describe the term, food sustainability. Food sustainability looks
into the production, distribution, packaging and consumption of food (Ackers,
2019). For instance, having sustainable farming practices, a low environmental
impact, and protecting public health are all essential factors that determine
food sustainability. These factors ensure that the amount of farm produce is
either consistent or increasing. These also ensure that natural resources are
neither wasted nor damaged, and that is it healthy and safe for consumption,
which means that there are no hazardous pesticides and chemicals, non-essential
antibiotics or growth promotion supplements (Ackers, 2019).
Food
sustainability greatly impacts Singapore, as 90% of Singapore’s food supply is
imported from other countries (Siau, 2019). Today, Singapore imports food from
170 countries, which is an increase from 160 countries in 2007. For instance,
35% of chicken, 17% of fish, 93% of duck and 76% of eggs in Singapore come from
Malaysia. Brazil also supplies 47% of Singapore’s imported chicken, 30% of
imported pork, and 53% of imported beef.
While
Singapore’s food security remains secure at the present moment, there is a need
to implement new strategies. According to Siau (2019), Associate Professor
Christopher Vas from Murdoch University commented that the global market
continues to change and Singapore’s relationship with other countries might
become weak, which could challenge our food supply. Incidents in the past have
also shown that the food that Singapore imports may not always be the safest
for consumption. Siau(2019) stated in 2014, that the cost of eggs increased
when Malaysian farms were prohibited from supplying eggs to Singapore as their
eggs were found to contain a bacterium called Salmonella Enteritidis, which
results in food poisoning. Recently, rotten-meat was found in Brazil in March,
when its police discovered that health inspectors had been bribed by major
meatpackers to keep rotten meat on the market (Siau, 2019). These two incidents
are crucial to take note of as a significant portion of eggs in Singapore are
imported from Malaysia, while Brazil supplies Singapore with a significant
amount of chicken, pork and beef.
In
order for Singapore to ensure its food security in the midst of a global
changing market, new food technologies and methods like cultured meat must be
utilized. Singapore should also begin introducing cultured meat in universities
to raise awareness of sustainable food alternatives. Ewing-Chow (2019) defined
cultured meat as “livestock agriculture’s lab-based response to the vertical
farming movement”.
1.2. Problem Statement
Mahmud(2019)
noted that Singapore is to reach the target of producing 30% of its nutritional
needs locally by 2030, a figure set by the Singapore Food Agency (SFA). However, Singapore imports up to 90% of
food globally. This shows that Singapore has a high dependency on global food
imports. Much effort is required to reduce the statistic by introducing
alternative food options and raising awareness on these food options that are
available or to be introduced. The goal is for SFA to set its focus on a specific
target audience, using Singapore Institute of Technology as a trial, to raise
awareness on alternative food options such as cultured meat to the students and
staff from the institute. A collaboration between SFA and SIT@Dover (Food
Technology) to the campus.
1.3. Purpose Statement
This
report aims to convince Mr Lim Chuan Poh, chairman of Singapore Food Agency, to
come into a collaboration with SIT@Dover, in implementing the research and sale
of cultured meat. We aim to increase food sustainability awareness within the
campus and nurture the younger generation of Singapore into the acceptance of
future food.
2. Proposed solutions
In
order to boost awareness for cultured meat, more opportunity should be
generated for students and staff from the institute to consume food items with
cultured meat.
In
SIT@Dover, there are limited food options available. Often students can be
found studying till late at night, estimated to be around 9-10pm, as observed
by our team members. This is when both canteens in the institute would close
operations for the day.
2.1. Promote awareness by setting up booths
The
Singapore Food Agency (SFA) should create more awareness through various means
of publicity efforts. Although cultured meat made its debut over the
news, many individuals are still unaware of its existence as inferred from our
surveyors’ statistic (Figure xx).
The
team’s proposed solution is to elevate awareness of cultured meat
through “targeted advertising” instead of generalizing publicity which may be
more effective. As such, booths can be set up occasionally in SIT@Dover, which
welcomes all individuals within the campus to get their first-hand experience
in tasting cultured meats.
“Millennials
are more open to new and innovative concepts, indicative of wider exposure to
foreign cultures and products from an early age compared to their senior
peers.” (Felgate, 2016). These prove the effectiveness in promoting awareness
within university SIT@Dover, where younger generations can be nurtured and
literate on the future of food sustainability, which eventually could be
publicized through word of mouth.
2.2. Launch vending machine with cultured meat
food options
Singapore
is quick to jump on the trend of offering 24-hours food service by vending
machine (Russell, 2018). Vending machines could offer a wide range of food
options which includes sandwiches, pizzas, salads and even fresh food item such
as salmon (Tan, 2019). This service could also be extended to offer food
options with cultured meat.
Vending
machines provide a convenient way to obtain food which would allow users to
enjoy cultured meat. Since vending machines are operational all day, with the
increase of the vending machines in the institute, students and staff would not
need to worry over the limited food options.
2.3. Introduce cultured meat in the form of a
project
Singapore
should look to other countries for inspiration and adopt their innovative
solutions. For example, a Japanese start-up company based in Tokyo is
trying to spread the awareness of lab-grown meat to school kids, by providing
them with a custom made box to grow meat (Lutze, 2019).
The box is roughly the size of a microwave, and the idea is for animal cells to
be added to a sugary protein-filled liquid, resulting in the growth of little
to lumps of meat.
Singapore
can adopt this method by giving students and staff the opportunity to
participate in this project, and give incentives to participants so as to make
the project more appealing. The project can also be used as a platform to
educate students and staff by inviting leading experts to share their
experience and knowledge in cultured meat. This would make the project more
meaningful as the participants are able to gain some knowledge about cultured
meat, along with the unique experience of making meat.
3. Benefits of proposed solutions
- Nutritional value of food may be a concern to many individuals.
Cultured meat is able to be engineered to cater to certain nutrition
outcomes by altering the cellular profile of nutrients. For instance,
cultured meat could be grown to contain more protein and polyunsaturated
fatty acids as compared to traditional meat. Thus this makes it possible
to eliminate saturated fat, which potentially reduces the risk of chronic
diseases.
- Using
vending machines as a trial with cultured meat in it is a low-cost and
innovative way according to Shen (2019). Besides being
budget-friendly, it also provides convenience for when collecting data
from consumers. Based on an article from IOT News Asia, it is mentioned
vending machines allows ‘retailers’ to gather critical information that
could provide “valuable insights” on consumers’ data.
- In the long run, if Singapore faces a sudden change in its food imports and cultured meat is already introduced to the wider population of Singapore, then Singapore Food Agency will have had a contribution in ensuring food security since there are alternative food such as cultured meat.
4. Limitations of proposed solutions
Despite
the advantages these solutions could bring, their limitations should be
considered.
4.1. Disadvantage of vending machine business
Despite
the numerous benefits vending machine business would benefit our proposed
solution, there are a few concerns that were discussed by Gaille (2017) as
while. There is a possibility that there would be a lack of sales,
resulting in a higher possibility for food to be stored to get stale. The
vending machine also comes with high initial cost as vending machine air
conditioning system to ensure the quality of the food.
4.2. The cost involved with cultured meat
While
cultured meat has its obvious benefits, there is still a major constraint in
terms of the cost of producing cultured meat. In fact, certain reports have
estimated that it would require 5 to 10 years for cultured meat to be
accessible on a commercial scale (Begum, 2019).
Currently, cultured meat is expensive due to the pricey culture media
needed to feed the cells. According to Begum (2019), Dr Ng stated that the
price of 1kg of cultured meat was US$2.4 million, and the price reduced to
US$5,000 in 2017. While this shows a reduction in the price of cultured meat,
it is still expensive. Dr Ng also mentioned that existing research on
lab-grown meat is still in development, and only minced meat and fillings are
likely to be available by 2030. This means that more complex meat such as a
slice of beef steak or chicken fillet, would require more technology to produce
the texture and taste that consumers desire, as mentioned by Dr Ng. The use of
additional technology would in turn increase the cost of cultured meat.
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Mahmud, A. (2019, March 7). Singapore aims to produce 30% of its nutritional needs by 2030, up from less than 10%. CNA. Retrieved from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-produce-30-own-food-up-from-10-nutritional-needs-11320426
Begum, S. (2019, March 27). Future food: Growing meat in lab to help meet supply needs. The Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/future-food-growing-meat-in-lab-to-help-meet-supply-needs
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Lutze, T. (2018, June 19). School kids in Japan are learning to grow meat in machines. Retrieved October 31, 2019, from https://www.newideafood.com.au/school-kids-in-japan-are-learning-to-grow-meat-in-machines.
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Popper, N. (2019, April 1). Behold the Beefless ‘Impossible Whopper’. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/01/technology/burger-king-impossible-whopper.html?utm_campaign=the_download.unpaid.engagement&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=71312595&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-9ye-2Cn81bREdvvolH_1tbCNcr-00V_bobDiBPyb-MgQQ4dfO42obwELiVa09MDI2AH1GeSqiYah2wlSl8aVwJ5Sxcow&_hsmi=71312595
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